Merkel Cell Carcinoma

What is Merkel Cell Carcinoma?

Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare, yet aggressive type of skin cancer. It typically appears as a firm, painless lump that varies in color from flesh-toned to red. Though frequently found on the head or neck, it can manifest anywhere on the body and has the potential to spread or metastasize.

What causes Merkel Cell Carcinoma?

Several factors are associated with Merkel cell carcinoma, including:

• Ultraviolet exposure

• Older age

• Immune suppression

• Merkel cell polyomavirus in many cases

What are the signs of Merkel Cell Carcinoma?

Possible features include:

• A rapidly growing red, pink, violaceous, or skin-colored nodule

• A lesion that feels firm

• A bump that develops on sun-exposed skin without clear explanation

Because this cancer can progress quickly, prompt evaluation is important.

How is Merkel Cell Carcinoma treated?

Treatment depends on stage and overall clinical context. Common approaches can include:

• Surgical excision

• Lymph node evaluation

• Radiation therapy

• Systemic therapy for advanced disease

For advanced disease, checkpoint immunotherapy has become an important treatment option. Examples include avelumab, pembrolizumab, and retifanlimab in appropriate settings. These therapies would be at the direction of an oncologist, typically working in conjunction with a dermatologist.

Merkel cell carcinoma can recur or spread, so close follow-up is important. Ongoing skin checks and cancer surveillance are often part of care after diagnosis.